For fourth-century Athens, the concepts of war, peace, and alliance were not merely abstract ideals but lived realities debated in the public Assembly (Ecclesia). In the age of Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), these decisions were increasingly defined by the rise of Philip II of Macedon , whose expansionist ambitions forced Athens into a precarious balancing act between maintaining its democratic independence and the pragmatic need for survival. The Philosophy of War
In Demosthenes’ Athens, war was viewed less as a path to profit and more as a recurring, financially burdensome duty. War, Peace, and Alliance in Demosthenes' Athens...
: War was a significant financial drain, with high costs for naval maintenance and military funding often outweighing potential material gains. For fourth-century Athens, the concepts of war, peace,
Full article: War, Peace, and Alliance in Demosthenes' Athens For fourth-century Athens