Switch-mode Power Supplies -

Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level.

The primary function of an SMPS is to transfer power from a source (AC or DC) to a load while regulating voltage and current. The process generally follows these steps:

High-frequency transformers or inductors for energy storage and voltage transformation. Switch-Mode Power Supplies

Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies

A "chopper" (switching transistor) converts the DC voltage into a high-frequency pulse train. Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level

Steps up the input voltage to a higher output level.

Capacitors and inductors used at both input and output to reduce ripple and EMI. 6. Market and Applications Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation

Different circuit configurations, or topologies, are used based on the desired output: