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The phenotypic costs of captivity - Crates - 2023 - Biological Reviews
: The study suggests that while environmental cues are important, there is a likely genetic basis or a rapid evolutionary shift occurring in captive populations that "breaks" the migratory strand in their behavioral biology. strand & tenger
: The research demonstrates that monarch butterflies reared in captivity (often purchased from commercial breeders) lose the innate ability to orient south for migration. Even when these butterflies were raised outdoors to experience natural environmental cues, they still failed to orient correctly compared to wild butterflies. The phenotypic costs of captivity - Crates -
: "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies" by Tenger-Trolander et al. (2019). : "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies"
: The findings are summarized in broader biological reviews, such as "The phenotypic costs of captivity" in Biological Reviews , which uses the Tenger-Trolander study to highlight how captive-bred individuals lose key behavioral traits.
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