Rubia (2022) Apr 2026

: The review evaluates several non-pharmacological treatments, including:

The request likely refers to the academic review article published by Katya Rubia in the journal Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 2022. Article Overview Rubia (2022)

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: Using EEG (most common), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and functional MRI (fMRI). results have been inconsistent.

: Including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Efficacy and Limitations :

: Rubia suggests that "one-size-fits-all" approaches are likely to fail. Future success depends on personalizing treatment based on a patient’s neurocognitive or brain-imaging patterns. Clinical Context

The review concludes that while these treatments are attractive due to their compared to stimulant medication, results have been inconsistent.