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Europe In The Fourteenth And Fifteenth Centurie... -

The traditional structures of the Middle Ages began to weaken during this period.

The Hundred Years' War between England and France disrupted agricultural production and drained royal treasuries. 2. Socio-Economic Shifts

The massive population loss from the plague led to a "scarcity of labor," which fundamentally altered European society. Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centurie...

Servile labor (serfdom) began to be replaced by free labor as peasants gained leverage and began to accumulate wealth.

While 90% of the population remained rural, towns grew around fortified castles and evolved into centers of trade and industry. The traditional structures of the Middle Ages began

The boundaries between social classes became more fluid as the nobility began to define itself through lineage rather than just military function. 4. The 15th Century: Recovery and Exploration

A shift from the Medieval Warm Period to the "Little Ice Age" led to the Great Famine of 1315–1317, causing massive mortality even before the plague struck. Socio-Economic Shifts The massive population loss from the

Trade routes reawakened, and cities like Bruges became vital ports for luxury goods like spices and silk from Asia. 3. Political and Religious Transformation