: Direct access is available for purchase from Brill, with rates such as $18.00 for one day or $99.00 for 30 days.
(1954–2005): Significantly expanded to include modern perspectives and contributions from Muslim scholars. It remains a definitive resource for historical and religious topics. Encyclopedia of Islam
(1913–1936): Focused primarily on pre-modern history and was largely authored by European scholars. : Direct access is available for purchase from
: Most academic libraries provide access through portals like UW-Madison or Princeton . Encyclopedia of Islam