: Diagonalization, triangularization, and the Hamilton-Cayley theorem.

: For free introductory material, the Exo7 project provides a comprehensive algebra course for first-year Licence students.

"" by Jean-Pierre Escofier is a foundational textbook for undergraduate mathematics students, covering the full algebra curriculum across the three years of a French Bachelor's (Licence) degree. Overview & Key Features

The book is structured to guide students from basic structures to advanced linear and bilinear algebra: : Logic, sets, and basic algebraic structures. Linear Algebra : Vector spaces ( Rncap R to the n-th power

: Scalar products, orthogonality, and quadratic forms. Accessing the Material

This manual is widely used for self-study and as a reference for students preparing for teaching certifications like or the Agrégation .

: Calculation techniques, matrix operations, and the study of determinants.