Olivier Armantier, Marco Cipriani, and Asani Sarkar
Stigma surfaced eight months before the 2023 regional banking crisis and has not significantly subsided since. Other Key Research Papers discount window treatment
(2020): A Richmond Fed Economic Brief that explains how stigma undermines the Fed's role as the "lender of last resort". Quick Definition: The Discount Window Discount Window Stigma After the Global Financial Crisis Olivier Armantier, Marco Cipriani, and Asani Sarkar Stigma