Inadequate supply to meet high demand, particularly during extreme heat or cold snaps.
Traffic signals stop, public transit halts, and water supply/pumping systems may fail.
Unexpected mechanical glitches in substations or power lines.
Malicious acts targeting energy infrastructure to disrupt operations.
Food and medication requiring refrigeration may spoil. Preparedness and Mitigation
Congested networks in specific regions (e.g., peninsulas) are more susceptible to saturation. Impact on Society
Large-scale disruptions affect business operations, such as restaurant food spoilage and halt in production.