: The cells are highly motile, utilizing peritrichous flagella (tails covering the entire surface) to move through liquids [2, 5].
: While historically seen as an obligate aerobe, it is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without oxygen through fermentation [1, 2, 9]. bacillus subtilis
: It is naturally transformable , meaning it can actively take up foreign DNA from its environment, making it a primary model organism for genetic research [1, 8]. Major Applications : The cells are highly motile, utilizing peritrichous
: Spores are even used in developing self-healing concrete , where they germinate to fill cracks with calcium carbonate precipitation [8, 16]. : The cells are highly motile