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: Cellulose fibers are extracted from wood (commonly softwoods like pine or hardwoods like birch) or recycled materials. Machines like pulpers and refiners break down the raw fiber into a "furnish".

: The wet web passes through heavy rollers in the press section to squeeze out more water and densify the sheet.

: The pulp is heavily diluted with water—often up to 99% water—to ensure a uniform spread of fibers.

Modern papermaking is a high-speed process that follows these key stages:

: The dried paper may go through a "calender" (heavy rollers that smooth the surface) before being wound into giant rolls or cut into sheets. How to Make Handmade Paper

: Tear scrap paper into small pieces and soak them in warm water. Use a blender to blend the mixture until it reaches a smooth, oatmeal-like consistency.

: The paper travels over a series of heated cylinders to evaporate the remaining moisture.

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